ESTIMATING THE ECONOMIC LOSSES OF UNUSED MEDICINES IN THE COMMUNITY: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF ECONOMIC LOSSES AND MANAGEMENT EFFORTS IN INDONESIA
Keywords:
medicine non-use, economic loss, households, community education, medicine managementAbstract
Expenditure on medicines is one of the largest components of healthcare costs in Indonesia. However, a proportion of medicines obtained by the community are not used to their full extent, either due to changes in therapy, side effects, non-compliance, or expiry. This phenomenon results in significant economic losses, with an average of 18-32% of the total value of medicines stored in households being unused or expired. Studies in several cities such as Yogyakarta, Kudus, and East Banjarmasin show that the economic value of unused medicines per household ranges from Rp3,348 to Rp13,698, and if extrapolated nationally, the potential loss could reach hundreds of millions of rupiah. In addition to wasting money, unused medicines also increase health risks and environmental pollution. Management efforts that have been made include public education through the DAGUSIBU programme, medicine take-back, as well as strengthening regulations and the role of pharmacists, but their implementation still faces challenges in coverage and effectiveness. Cross-sector collaboration is needed to strengthen education, improve the collection system of leftover medicines, and increase supervision of pharmaceutical waste disposal to reduce economic losses and improve public health.
Downloads
References
Adriani, R. & et al. (2020). Household Storage of Medications and Its Economic Impact in Jakarta. Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.35814/jifi.v18i1.1522
Agustin, K. W. & et al. (2022). The Role of Pharmacists in Preventing Medication Waste in Hospital Settings. Jurnal Farmasi Komunitas. https://doi.org/10.22146/jfk.71215
Alfian, S. D. & et al. (2024). Do pharmacists counsel customers on the disposal of unused or expired medications? Pharmacy Practice. https://doi.org/10.18549/PharmPract.2024.1.3072
Chandrawati, I. & et al. (2023). Managing Household Medicine Waste: Attitudes, Awareness, and Economic Aspects. Jurnal Farmasi Komunitas. https://doi.org/10.22146/jfk.78214
Dewi, N. P. S. & et al. (2021). Household Pharmaceutical Waste Management and Potential Economic Loss in Denpasar. Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.15416/ijpst.v8i2.1128
Duka, D. & et al. (2023). Penyimpanan dan Pembuangan Obat pada Masyarakat serta Estimasi Nilai Ekonomi Obat yang Tidak Digunakan. Jurnal Administrasi Dan Bisnis Berkelanjutan. https://jabb.lppmbinabangsa.id
Ehrhart, A. L. & et al. (2020). Leftover drug disposal: Customer behavior, pharmacist recommendations, and obstacles to drug take-back box implementation. Waste Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.09.019
Eliyah, E., & Aslan, A. (2025). STAKE’S EVALUATION MODEL: METODE PENELITIAN. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Indonesia, 3(2), Article 2.
Green, B. N., Johnson, C. D., & Adams, A. (2006). Writing Narrative Literature Reviews for Peer-Reviewed Journals. Chiropractic & Manual Therapies, 52–57.
Handayani, A. D. & et al. (2022). Community Knowledge and Attitude on Medicine Wastes in Semarang City after the COVID-19 Pandemic. Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.35814/jifi.v20i2.3047
Haryanto, J. & et al. (2023). Knowledge and Practice of Drug Disposal among Rural Communities in Central Java. Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.35814/jifi.v21i2.3620
Insani, W. N. & et al. (2020). Improper disposal practice of unused and expired pharmaceutical products in Indonesian households. Heliyon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04551
Iskandar, S. & et al. (2022). Medication Waste and Community-Based Interventions: An Indonesian Perspective. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1177/10105395211000123
Maulana, M. & et al. (2021). Socioeconomic Determinants of Medication Waste in Bandung, Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.35814/jifi.v19i2.2273
Munadlatul, L. (2022). Estimasi Nilai Ekonomi Obat Tidak Digunakan pada Kalangan Rumah Tangga Kabupaten Grobogan [Universitas Islam Sultan Agung]. https://repository.unissula.ac.id/
Naufal, M., Melviani, M., & Riduansyah, M. (2021). Estimasi Nilai Ekonomi Obat Bebas Tidak Digunakan pada Kalangan Rumah Tangga Kecamatan Banjarmasin Timur. Jurnal Pharmacy Computation Science. https://doi.org/10.33859/jpcs.v2i1.131
Nurdin, E. & et al. (2024). Medication Take-Back Programs in Indonesia: Current Implementation and Future Challenges. Medical Journal of Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.13181/mji.v33i2.2789
Nurjannah, S. A. & et al. (2021). Patterns of Medication Waste and Economic Losses in Indonesia during COVID-19. Indonesian Journal of Clinical Pharmacy. https://doi.org/10.15416/ijcp.v11i2.1241
Oktaviani, D. & et al. (2022). Obat Sisa, Dampak Ekonomi, dan Peran Edukasi Apoteker di Rumah Tangga Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.35814/jifi.v20i1.2706
Permana, D. & et al. (2023). Evaluating Economic Impact of Home-Stored Drugs in Coastal Communities. Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. https://doi.org/10.7454/psr.v10i3.1328
Pradana, M. H. & et al. (2020). Understanding the Drivers behind Home-Stored Unused Medicines in Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.35814/jifi.v18i3.1834
Prasetyo, Y. & et al. (2023). Pharmacy Student’s Knowledge on Safe Disposal of Unused Pharmaceuticals. Jurnal Farmasi Komunitas. https://doi.org/10.22146/jfk.70339
Putri, A. R. & et al. (2023). Factors Associated with the Improper Disposal of Medication among Indonesian Households. Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.35814/jifi.v21i1.3380
Ridwan, Kristina, & Wiedyaningsih. (2019). Estimasi Nilai Ekonomi Obat Tidak Digunakan pada Kalangan Rumah Tangga Kota Yogyakarta. Jurnal Manajemen Dan Pelayanan Farmasi. https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/jmpf
Santosa, H. & et al. (2020). Factors Affecting Home Storage and Disposal of Medicines: A Case Study in Indonesia. Jurnal Farmasi Sains Dan Praktis. https://doi.org/10.36490/jfsp.v6i1.134
Septiani, J. (2023). Estimasi Nilai Ekonomi Obat Tidak Digunakan pada Kalangan Rumah Tangga Kota Kudus [Universitas Islam Sultan Agung]. https://repository.unissula.ac.id/
Serawaidi, N. P. A. & et al. (2025). Estimasi Nilai Ekonomi Sisa Antibiotik dalam Program Pengendalian Resistensi Antimikroba. JSSCR. https://doi.org/10.37311/jsscr.v4i1.30273
Sufardi, M. & Fadillah. (2021). Estimasi Nilai Ekonomi Obat Bebas Tidak Digunakan pada Kalangan Rumah Tangga Kecamatan Banjarmasin Timur. Jurnal Pharmacy Computation Science (JPCS). https://ejurnal.unism.ac.id
Sulistyaningrum, I. H. & et al. (2023). Economic Losses of Unused Medicines Among Households in Grobogan Regency. Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.23917/pharmacon.v20i2.19743
Suryani, A. N. & et al. (2021). Waste Management of Expired Medicines: Economic and Environmental Effects in Indonesia. International Journal of Pharmacy. https://doi.org/10.56783/ijp.v12i3.478
Widyasari, V. P. & et al. (2023). Prevalensi dan Karakteristik Penyimpanan Obat Sisa di Rumah Tangga Wilayah Suburban Surabaya. Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. https://doi.org/10.7454/psr.v10i2.1274
Wijaya, F. R. & et al. (2020). Public Awareness on the Safe Disposal of Medicines in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Jurnal Farmasi Sains Dan Praktis. https://doi.org/10.36490/jfsp.v6i2.167
Yazid, N. A. & et al. (2022). Self-Medication and the Economic Impact of Unused Medicines in Indonesia: A Survey Study. International Journal of Pharmacy. https://doi.org/10.56783/ijp.v13i2.572
Yuliana, S. & et al. (2023). Safe Medicine Disposal Awareness and Practices among Indonesian Adolescents. Jurnal Farmasi Komunitas. https://doi.org/10.22146/jfk.74253
