INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC LITERATURE
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC LITERATURE (INJOLE) is a scientific journal that publishes articles in the Business field includes conceptual ideas in the fields of Economics, Accounting, Management, business. The scopes are Human Resource Management, Marketing Management, Financial Management, Production/Operational Management, Strategic Management, Islamic Business Management, Halal Industry Management, Hajj and Umro Management, Zakat and Waqf/ Islamic Philanthropy Management, Tourism Management, Banking Management, Industrial Management, Agribusiness Management, Business Administration. Journal Name : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC LITERATURE Abbreviation : INJOLE ISSN : 3026-0221 (online) Publication Frequently : monthly Chief of Editor : Profesor Madya Dr Hadenan Towpek Publisher : Adisam Publisher
BUSINESS ACTORS' RESPONSIBILITY FOR CONSUMER LOSSES DUE TO NAIL GEL IN SALON BUSINESSES IN BADUNG REGENCY
Nail gel services in salon businesses in Badung Regency are a form of beauty service that uses certain chemicals and techniques, requiring adequate consumer protection and business actor accountability. This study focuses on how business actors are held accountable for losses suffered by nail gel consumers in salons in Badung Regency and how dispute resolution models for these losses occur. The method used is an empirical legal approach through research using interviews and direct field observations. The results of the study indicate that business actors' liability for losses suffered by nail gel consumers in salons in Badung Regency has not been implemented optimally, particularly in terms of providing risk information and ensuring the mechanism for liability models for losses suffered by nail gel consumers. Legal provisions related to nail gel consumer protection in Badung Regency are already available, including the Consumer Protection Law (UUPK), the Civil Code, and health and cosmetics regulations. Dispute resolution is generally conducted through deliberation using a family approach, but this mechanism remains informal and therefore does not provide strong legal certainty. This study emphasizes the need for improved service standards, information transparency, and more structured complaint handling procedures to strengthen consumer protection in nail gel consumer services at salons in Badung Regency.
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THE EFFECT OF INVESTMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE ON ECONOMIC INEQUALITY IN THE REGENCIES/MUNICIPALITY OF BALI PROVINCE BALI
Economic inequality in Bali Province remains concentrated in the southern region due to the dominance of the tourism sector. This quantitative study analyzes the effects of Domestic Investment (PMDN), Foreign Direct Investment (PMA), road infrastructure, access to improved drinking water, and digital infrastructure on economic inequality (Gini Ratio) across the nine regencies/municipality of Bali during the 2017–2025 period. The analysis employs panel data regression using the selected Random Effect Model (REM) with robust standard errors clustered at the regency/municipality level. The estimation results indicate that, simultaneously, all variables have a significant effect on economic inequality (Wald chi2 = 46.15; Prob > chi2 = 0.0000). However, partially, only digital infrastructure is found to have a negative and statistically significant effect (one-tailed p = 0.001), confirming its role as the only consistent and robust economic equalizer. Domestic Investment (PMDN) and road infrastructure exhibit positive coefficient directions consistent with the initial hypotheses but are not statistically significant at the 5 percent significance level after correcting the standard errors. Meanwhile, Foreign Direct Investment (PMA) and access to improved drinking water have no significant effect, with coefficient directions opposite to the hypotheses, reflecting the weak linkage of enclave-type foreign investment in the tourism sector as well as the achievement of relatively equal service coverage (ceiling effect) for drinking water across all regencies/municipality in Bali. These findings support the relevance of the Cumulative Causation Theory (Myrdal) and the Endogenous Growth Theory (Romer), while also emphasizing the importance of correcting standard errors in panel data with a limited number of clusters. The policy implications highlight the need to accelerate digital infrastructure development in lagging regions as the highest priority for achieving more equitable economic development in Bali Province.
THE EFFECT OF JOB INSECURITY ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF JOB BURNOUT AT PT XYZ
This study aims to examine the mediating role of job burnout in the relationship between job insecurity and employee performance at PT XYZ. A quantitative research approach with an associative design was employed to investigate the causal relationships among the study variables. The study involved 37 operational employees of PT XYZ, selected using the saturated sampling technique, in which all members of the population were included as respondents. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) based on the Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach with SmartPLS 4.0 software. The findings indicate that job insecurity has a positive and statistically significant effect on job burnout, whereas its direct effect on employee performance is negative but statistically insignificant. Furthermore, job burnout has a negative and statistically significant effect on employee performance. However, the mediation analysis reveals that job burnout does not significantly mediate the relationship between job insecurity and employee performance. These findings suggest that although perceived job insecurity increases employees' emotional exhaustion, its adverse impact on performance occurs independently rather than indirectly through job burnout. The study contributes to the literature on occupational stress by providing empirical evidence regarding the relationships among job insecurity, job burnout, and employee performance within the packaged beverage distribution industry.
THE INFLUENCE OF TAXPAYER AWARENESS AND TAX KNOWLEDGE ON PBB-P2 COMPLIANCE WITH TAX SOCIALIZATION AS A MODERATING VARIABLE
This study aims to analyze the influence of taxpayer awareness and tax knowledge on Rural and Urban Land and Building Tax (PBB-P2) compliance, with tax socialization serving as a moderating variable among taxpayers in Karangasem Regency. The study was motivated by the persistently high level of PBB-P2 payment arrears during the 2020–2024 period despite the continuous increase in taxable property areas. This research employed a quantitative approach with an associative research design. The sample consisted of 100 respondents selected using purposive sampling techniques. Data were collected through the distribution of questionnaires using a four-point Likert scale, both online and offline. The data analysis techniques included descriptive statistical analysis, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression analysis, and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) using SPSS software. The results indicate that taxpayer awareness has a positive and significant effect on PBB-P2 compliance, with a coefficient value of 0.446 and a significance level of 0.001. Tax knowledge also has a positive and significant effect on PBB-P2 compliance, with a coefficient value of 0.526 and a significance level of 0.001. However, tax socialization was unable to moderate the influence of taxpayer awareness and tax knowledge on PBB-P2 compliance, as the significance values of the interaction variables exceeded 0.05. These findings demonstrate that taxpayers’ internal factors play an important role in improving PBB-P2 compliance, while the effectiveness of tax socialization programs still needs to be enhanced in order to provide a more optimal influence on taxpayer compliance behavior.
SCRAP: FAVOURING FROM SHRIMP WASTE (LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI) AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE (MSG) TO PREVENT STUNTING IN TODDLERS
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is widely used as a flavor enhancer but excessive consumption in early childhood has been associated with neurotoxic effects that may impair cognitive development and contribute indirectly to stunting. This study aims to develop SCRAP, a natural seasoning produced from Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp waste, as a nutritious and sustainable substitute for conventional MSG. Shrimp waste was selected because it contains natural glutamic acid, protein, calcium, and phosphorus that support children's growth while reducing organic waste. The research employed proximate analysis to determine nutritional composition and organoleptic testing to evaluate sensory acceptance compared with conventional MSG. Proximate analysis showed that SCRAP contained 3.63% moisture, 43.16% ash, 12.63% protein, 15.62% fat, 24.96% carbohydrates, and 290.99 kcal/100 g. Organoleptic evaluation demonstrated mean scores of 3.81 for taste, 3.95 for aroma, 3.76 for appearance, and 3.43 for texture. Compared with conventional MSG, SCRAP received higher consumer acceptance for taste, aroma, and appearance, while texture showed comparable acceptance. These findings indicate that SCRAP is a safe, nutritious, and environmentally friendly natural seasoning with the potential to replace conventional MSG. Its nutritional value and favorable sensory characteristics suggest that SCRAP can support healthier dietary practices for toddlers while contributing to stunting prevention and sustainable food production.
HUMAN RESOURCE QUALITY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY IN IMPROVING THE COMPETENCE OF GAMBUT TAPE MSMEs IN BANJAR REGENCY SOUTH KALIMANTAN
The Gambut tape industry in Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan, is one of the micro and small businesses that has high economic and cultural potential. However, the competitiveness of this industry still faces various obstacles, including the low quality of human resources, the limited competence of craftsmen, the lack of mastery of production technology, and weak managerial and marketing skills. This research aims to formulate a strategy to improve the quality of human resources in improving the competence of Gambut tape craftsmen so that they are able to increase productivity, product quality, and business competitiveness. This research uses qualitative methods obtained through in-depth interviews, observations, and directed group discussions (FGD) with artisans, local governments, academics and business actors. The results of the study show that improving the quality of human resources through education and training, strengthening technical skills, developing entrepreneurial competencies, utilising digital technology, and strengthening partnership networks can improve the competence of craftsmen. Furthermore, the better competence of craftsmen will improve product quality, business productivity, innovation and competitiveness of the Gambut tape industry. This research is expected to make a theoretical contribution to the development of Human Resource Management studies in the local food-based MSME sector and become the basis for the formulation of local government policies in the sustainable development of the Gambut tape industry.
MOTIVATIONAL PATHWAYS TO EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN VILLAGE CREDIT INSTITUTIONS
Employee performance is essential to the sustainability of Village Credit Institutions (LPDs), where service quality and financial accountability depend on employees' ability to perform effectively. This study examines the mediating role of work motivation in the relationships between the non-physical work environment, organizational culture, and employee performance. Questionnaire responses were obtained from 234 employees selected through proportionate random sampling across 35 Village Credit Institutions in Denpasar City, Indonesia. The proposed relationships were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS version 4.1. The findings confirm that the non-physical work environment and organizational culture positively influence both work motivation and employee performance. Work motivation also enhances employee performance and functions as a complementary partial mediator in the relationships between the non-physical work environment, organizational culture, and employee performance. The findings extend the application of Social Exchange Theory to community-based financial institutions by highlighting the importance of motivational processes in strengthening employee performance. Practically, the study suggests that improving interpersonal workplace relationships, organizational values, and employee motivation can support sustainable organizational performance in Village Credit Institutions.
THE INFLUENCE OF PROFITABILITY, FIRM SIZE, MANAGERIAL OWNERSHIP, AND EARNINGS MANAGEMENT ON CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY DISCLOSURE
Inconsistent empirical findings on CSR disclosure determinants in high-impact sectors motivated the present investigation. Grounded in stakeholder and agency theories, the present research examines how profitability, firm size, managerial ownership, and earnings management shape CSR reporting behavior in the transportation and logistics industry, a sector characterized by substantial environmental exposure yet persistently low disclosure rates. The sample comprises 42 observations from 14 firms registered on the Indonesian Stock Exchange throughout 2022 until 2024, chosen by means of purposive sampling, with hypotheses examined through multiple linear regression analysis. The results indicate that profitability has no effect on CSR disclosure, firm size and managerial ownership have a positive effect on CSR disclosure, and earnings management has a negative effect on CSR disclosure. These findings reinforce the empirical relevance of stakeholder theory and agency theory, and may serve as a consideration for companies, investors, and regulators in enhancing transparency and sustainable business practices.
Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure
THE EFFECT OF PROMOTION AND WORD OF MOUTH ON PATIENT LOYALTY THROUGH PATIENT SATISFACTION
This study investigates the effects of promotion and word of mouth on patient loyalty, with patient satisfaction as a mediating variable, at RS Tk. III Dr. R. Soeharsono Banjarmasin. Patient loyalty is a critical indicator of healthcare service sustainability; however, existing literature reveals inconsistent findings regarding the direct influence of promotional activities and interpersonal communication channels on loyalty. This research employs a quantitative approach using a survey method. A total of 383 patients were selected as respondents using the Krejcie and Morgan sampling formula. Data were collected through a structured Likert-scale questionnaire and analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS 4.0. Results confirm that both promotion and word of mouth exert significant positive effects on patient loyalty and patient satisfaction. Patient satisfaction significantly influences patient loyalty. Furthermore, patient satisfaction partially mediates the relationships between promotion and patient loyalty and between word of mouth and patient loyalty. These findings indicate that enhancing promotional effectiveness and nurturing positive word of mouth, combined with delivering satisfying healthcare experiences, are essential strategies for sustaining patient loyalty in government hospitals.
FACTORS INFLUENCING E-WALLET USAGE AMONG GENERATION Z IN DENPASAR CITY
Digital transformation has made financial systems more practical through the use of e-wallets as an innovative payment instrument. This study aims to analyze the effects of income, perceived ease of use, social influence, and security on e-wallet usage among Generation Z in Denpasar City. This study employed an associative quantitative approach, with data collected from 100 respondents using a non-probability sampling technique through quota sampling. The data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares-based Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results demonstrate that income, perceived ease of use, social influence, and security have positive and significant direct effects on e-wallet usage among Generation Z in Denpasar City. Security was identified as the most dominant factor influencing the decision to use digital wallets. The R-squared value of 0.607 indicates that the independent variables included in the model explain 60.7% of the variation in e-wallet usage. These findings suggest that higher levels of income, perceived ease of use, social influence, and perceived security are associated with greater e-wallet usage among Generation Z in Denpasar City.
THE MEDIATING ROLE OF WORK ENGAGEMENT IN THE EFFECT OF PERCEIVED ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT ON ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIORA Study of Employees at CV Prima Dewata Liquindo
Previous research has revealed inconsistent findings regarding the effect of perceived organizational support on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), particularly when an imbalance exists between the support provided by the organization and the discretionary contributions demonstrated by employees. This study aims to examine the mediating role of work engagement in the relationship between perceived organizational support and OCB among employees of CV Prima Dewata Liquindo. This study employed a quantitative explanatory research design. Data were collected through a questionnaire-based survey using a saturated sampling technique and analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results indicate that perceived organizational support has a positive and significant effect on both work engagement and OCB. Work engagement was also found to mediate the relationship between perceived organizational support and OCB. These findings support Social Exchange Theory, which explains that the relationship between employees and organizations is based on the principle of reciprocity, whereby organizational support encourages employees to demonstrate more optimal work behaviors. Theoretically, this study reinforces the proposition that work engagement constitutes an important mechanism through which perceived organizational support influences OCB. From a practical perspective, OCB among employees remains suboptimal, particularly in terms of conscientiousness. Therefore, improvements in perceived organizational support and work engagement are required to promote stronger OCB among employees.
SERVICE QUALITY, BRAND IMAGE, CUSTOMER SATISFACTION, AND CUSTOMER LOYALTY: EVIDENCE FROM AHASS AUTO GLOBAL MOTOR
The increasing competition in the motorcycle service industry requires companies to maintain customer loyalty through superior service quality and a positive brand image. This study aims to examine the This study examines the relationships among service quality, brand image, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty at AHASS Auto Global Motor. A quantitative approach was employed using a survey method. The population consisted of customers who used the services of AHASS Auto Global Motor during the period of July–December 2025, while 226 respondents were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires measured using a five-point Likert scale and analysed using Structural Equation Modelling base on Partial Least Square. The results indicate that service quality has a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. Customer satisfaction also has a positive and significant effect on customer loyalty. In addition, brand image has a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction but does not have a significant direct effect on customer loyalty. The mediation analysis reveals that customer satisfaction mediates the relationship between service quality and customer loyalty, as well as the relationship between brand image and customer loyalty. These findings highlight the importance of improving service quality and customer satisfaction as strategic efforts to strengthen customer loyalty in the motorcycle service industry.
DETERMINANTS OF MACROECONOMIC FACTORS ON INDONESIA'S ECONOMIC GROWTH WITHIN THE INFLATION TARGETING FRAMEWORK
Indonesia officially adopted the Inflation Targeting Framework (ITF) in 2005. However, economic growth during the 2008–2024 period experienced significant fluctuations due to both external and domestic shocks, raising empirical questions regarding the effectiveness of the monetary policy transmission mechanism. This study aims to analyze the short-run and long-run effects of inflation, the Bank Indonesia policy interest rate, the rupiah exchange rate, and investment on Indonesia's economic growth over the 2008–2024 period. The study employs a quantitative explanatory approach using quarterly time-series data obtained from Bank Indonesia and Statistics Indonesia (BPS). Data were analyzed using the Error Correction Model (ECM), preceded by stationarity, cointegration, and classical assumption tests. The findings indicate that, in the short run, only investment has a positive and statistically significant effect on economic growth (coefficient = 24.0738; p = 0.001). Inflation, the policy interest rate, and the exchange rate are found to be statistically insignificant, suggesting that these variables require a longer transmission lag to influence economic growth. In the long run, the significant Error Correction Term (ECT) (coefficient = −1.331) confirms the existence of a stable equilibrium relationship between all macroeconomic variables and economic growth, while also demonstrating a strong self-correcting mechanism. The study concludes that the Inflation Targeting Framework has been effective as a nominal anchor for maintaining long-term macroeconomic stability, although the short-run impact of its policy instruments remains limited. These findings imply that strengthening the policy mix between monetary and fiscal policies is essential, as interest rate adjustments alone are insufficient to stimulate economic growth. The government should prioritize accelerating investment through regulatory simplification, legal certainty, and investment incentives. Furthermore, maintaining transparent and consistent policy communication is crucial for anchoring market expectations and ensuring the optimal functioning of the economic adjustment mechanism.
THE EFFECT OF NATURAL RESOURCE REVENUE-SHARING FUNDS, CAPITAL EXPENDITURE, AND LOCAL OWN-SOURCE REVENUE ON THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX OF REGENCIES/MUNICIPALITIES IN NORTH SUMATRA PROVINCE, 2017–2024
This study aims to analyze the effects of Natural Resource Revenue-Sharing Funds (DBH-SDA), Capital Expenditure, and Local Own-Source Revenue (PAD) on the Human Development Index (HDI) across 33 regencies and municipalities in North Sumatra Province during the 2017–2024 period. Although the average HDI increased from 69.42 to 74.70, the interregional disparity remained substantial at 17.57 points. This study is grounded in Fiscal Decentralization Theory (Oates, 1972) and Human Development Theory (Sen, 1999). Secondary data were obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) and the Directorate General of Fiscal Balance (DJPK), resulting in a balanced panel dataset comprising 264 observations. The analysis employed panel data regression using EViews, with the Chow Test and Hausman Test indicating that the Fixed Effect Model (FEM) was the most appropriate model, yielding an Adjusted R² of 85.48%. The partial regression results reveal that Natural Resource Revenue-Sharing Funds have a negative and statistically significant effect on the HDI, Capital Expenditure has a positive and statistically positive effect, and Local Own-Source Revenue also has a negative and statistically significant effect on the HDI. Simultaneously, all three variables significantly influence the HDI (Prob. F = 0.000). The findings suggest that the effectiveness of regional fiscal allocation, rather than the magnitude of fiscal revenue alone, constitutes the primary determinant of human development quality.
THE MEDIATING ROLE OF WORK LIFE BALANCE IN SERVANT LEADERSHIP ON WORK ENGAGEMENT OF TEACHERS AT SMK NEGERI 1 GIANYAR
This research aims to analyze and explain the mediating role of work life balance in the relationship between servant leadership and work engagement. Using a quantitative approach with Structural Equation Modeling through Partial Least Square (PLS-SEM) the study was conducted among teachers at SMK Negeri 1 Gianyar with a total sample of 73 teachers excluding school leaders obtained through a saturated sampling method. Data were collected via interviews and questionnaire distribution. The results show that (1) servant leadership has a positive and significant effect on work engagement (2) servant leadership has a positive and significant effect on work life balance (3) work life balance has a positive and significant effect on work engagement and (4) work life balance mediates the effect of servant leadership on work engagement through complementary partial mediation. The theoretical implications of this study support previous research findings from the perspective of Social Exchange Theory. Practically this research provides a policy reference for organizational leaders and management to improve teacher work engagement through servant leadership and work life balance.
COLLABORATIVE GOVERNANCE IN ACCELERATION OF BUSINESS LEGALITY AND ITS IMPACT ON COFFEE SHOP BUSINESS PERFORMANCE IN KENDARI CITY
The growth of coffee shops in Kendari City demonstrates the dynamics of an increasingly competitive urban economy. However, the business legalization process still faces obstacles in coordination, regulatory understanding, and suboptimal institutional support. This situation raises questions about how collaborative governance can accelerate business legalization while simultaneously boosting coffee shop business performance. This study aims to analyze the role of collaborative governance in accelerating business legalization and its impact on coffee shop business performance in Kendari City. The study used a qualitative approach with a phenomenological design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation with purposively selected informants, then analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model. The results show that collaborative governance plays a significant role in streamlining the business legalization process through actor involvement, inter-agency communication, forms of administrative support, and institutional responsiveness. Coffee shop operators understand business legality as a formal status that provides a sense of security, strengthens regulatory compliance, and opens access to business opportunities. The findings also show that legality contributes to increased customer trust, competitiveness, sustainability, and business development. The implication is that local governments need to strengthen licensing services that are more integrated, responsive, and mentored so that business formalities can drive sustainable business performance.
DIGITAL LEADERSHIP COMPETENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONAL ADAPTABILITY IN UNCERTAIN ECONOMIES
This study aims to analyze the relationship between digital leadership competencies and organizational adaptability in uncertain economic conditions through a literature review approach. The study employs a qualitative literature review by systematically examining recent scientific publications from reputable national and international journals, books, and scholarly reports relevant to digital leadership, organizational adaptability, and economic uncertainty. The collected literature was analyzed using thematic analysis to identify recurring concepts, patterns, and theoretical relationships. The findings indicate that digital leadership competencies, including digital literacy, strategic vision, innovation capability, data-driven decision-making, agile leadership, collaborative communication, and change management, play a pivotal role in strengthening organizational adaptability. These competencies enable organizations to respond proactively to environmental volatility, technological disruption, shifting market demands, and emerging organizational risks. The study concludes that digital leadership competencies represent a strategic capability for sustaining organizational performance and competitiveness in uncertain economies. The findings contribute to the development of digital leadership literature and provide practical insights for organizations seeking to enhance adaptive capacity amid rapidly changing business environments.
DETERMINANTS OF PAYLATER USAGE AMONG GENERATION Z IN DENPASAR CITY
The development of Buy Now Pay Later (PayLater) services in Indonesia has experienced rapid growth alongside the expansion of digital transactions and the high adoption of financial technology among Generation Z. Denpasar City, as the center of economic activities in Bali Province, exhibits relatively high levels of consumption and digital literacy, which may encourage the utilization of PayLater services. However, the factors influencing the intention to use PayLater have produced inconsistent findings across previous studies. This study aims to analyze the effects of performance expectancy, social influence, and trust on the intention to use PayLater among Generation Z in Denpasar City. The research was conducted in Denpasar City with a sample of 100 respondents selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through questionnaire distribution and analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. The results indicate that performance expectancy, social influence, and trust simultaneously have a significant effect on the intention to use PayLater among Generation Z in Denpasar City. Partially, performance expectancy and trust have a positive and significant effect on the intention to use PayLater, while social influence has a positive but insignificant effect. These findings suggest that perceived benefits and trust in PayLater services are more dominant factors in shaping usage intention than social influence. The implications of this study indicate that PayLater service providers should enhance service benefits, system security, information transparency, and service credibility to increase the intention to use PayLater among Generation Z. Furthermore, the findings support the application of the UTAUT2 model in explaining the intention to adopt digital financial technology.
BOARD KNOWLEDGE AND SUSTAINABILITY REPORT QUALITY
This study aims to examine the effect of board knowledge on sustainability report quality. The research was conducted on cyclical consumer sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2020–2024 period. The sample was selected using a non-probability sampling method with a purposive sampling technique, resulting in 75 observations. Data were collected through documentation methods and analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis with SPSS software. The findings indicate that the educational level and experience of the board of commissioners have a positive effect on sustainability report quality. These results are consistent with agency theory and resource-based theory, suggesting that board knowledge strengthens the monitoring function in ensuring the quality of corporate disclosures. Higher educational attainment and extensive experience among commissioners enhance their capacity to evaluate and provide recommendations regarding sustainability reporting practices. In contrast, the educational level and experience of the board of directors do not significantly affect the quality of corporate sustainability reports.
THE EFFECT OF PROPERTY MARKET VALUE, PROPERTY TYPE, PROPERTY LOCATION AND LOAN-TO-VALUE RATIO ON THE RECOVERY RATE OF NON-PERFORMING LOANS:A Case Study at PT Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero), TbkAt Regional Office 16, Papua
The rise in the risk of non-performing loans (NPLs) highlights the importance of optimising the quality of property collateral to improve loan recovery rates. This study aims to analyse the influence of property market value, property type, property location and loan-to-value (LTV) ratio on the recovery rate of non-performing loans at PT Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk Regional Office 16 in Papua. The study employs a quantitative approach using multiple linear regression. A sample of 100 data points was selected from a population of 192 using purposive sampling. The data used were secondary data in the form of loan-level data on non-performing loans sourced from the internal records of BNI Regional Office 16 in Papua. The results of the study indicate that Property Market Value and Property Location have a positive and significant effect on the Recovery Rate of Non-Performing Loans, whilst Loan-to-Value (LTV) has a negative and significant effect. Meanwhile, Property Type does not have a significant effect on the Recovery Rate of Non-Performing Loans. Property Market Value is the variable with the most dominant influence on the Recovery Rate of Non-Performing Loans. Furthermore, the results of the simultaneous test indicate that Property Market Value, Property Type, Property Location and Loan-to-Value (LTV) collectively have a significant effect on the Recovery Rate of Non-Performing Loans. These findings underscore the importance of the economic value of collateral, the quality of the property’s location and the management of the LTV ratio in supporting the effectiveness of non-performing loan recovery and strengthening banking risk management strategies.
THE MEDIATION ROLE OF JOB SATISFACTION ON PERCEIVED ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT TOWARDS ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT OF MALINI ULUWATU RESTAURANT EMPLOYEES
The objective of this research is to investigate and clarify how organizational commitment is influenced by perceived organizational support, utilizing job satisfaction to mediate this relationship. Through a quantitative methodology, this research intends to offer a deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which favorable organizational perceptions boost commitment via enhanced worker satisfaction. The empirical observation targeted 98 staff members of the Malini Uluwatu Seafood & Sunset Restaurant, employing a census or saturated sampling technique within a non-probability sampling framework. Data collection was carried out through interviews and questionnaires. The analysis technique used is Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using the Partial Least Square (PLS) approach. The results of the analysis show that 1) perceived organizational support has a positive and significant effect on employee organizational commitment, 2) perceived organizational support has a positive and significant effect on employee job satisfaction, 3) job satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on employee organizational commitment, 4) job satisfaction mediates the effect of perceived organizational support on employee organizational commitment in a complementary partial. The implications of this study theoretically support the findings of previous studies through the perspective of Social Exchange Theory. The practical implications of this study provide policy references for organizational leaders and management to increase employee organizational commitment through perceived organizational support and job satisfaction.
YOUTH ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND RURAL ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Youth entrepreneurship is increasingly recognized as a strategic instrument for driving rural economic transformation in developing countries. Young people's involvement in entrepreneurial activities not only contributes to job creation and increased community incomes but also encourages innovation, economic diversification, and strengthened rural competitiveness. This study aims to analyze and synthesize previous research findings on the role of youth entrepreneurship in rural economic transformation in developing countries through a systematic literature review approach. The research method employed a literature review, examining various relevant scientific articles from reputable international and national journals. The study's results indicate that youth entrepreneurship significantly contributes to increasing local economic productivity, reducing unemployment and youth labor migration to urban areas, and accelerating the adoption of technology and innovation in the rural sector. Furthermore, the success of rural economic transformation is strongly influenced by government policy support, access to entrepreneurship education, strengthening the business ecosystem, and utilizing digital technology. This study confirms that youth entrepreneurship development can be an effective development strategy for creating inclusive and sustainable rural economic growth in developing countries.
OPTIMIZATION OF GRAFTING TECHNIQUES USING TRICHODERMA ON LIBERICA COFFEE IN SAMBAS
Sambas Liberica coffee holds significant strategic value as a leading local commodity. The main challenge on the ground is low productivity due to suboptimal propagation techniques. Many farmers still rely on generative propagation (from seeds), which results in plants with inconsistent traits and suboptimal growth. Vegetative propagation has the potential to accelerate the regeneration of high-quality, uniform plants. High-quality coffee seedlings can be obtained through vegetative propagation using the shoot-grafting method. There is a need to identify the most effective vegetative propagation technique for Sambas Liberica coffee. This study aims to determine the optimal propagation technique based on germination and growth success rates. In this study, vegetative propagation techniques will be tested, specifically top-grafting, as well as the use of Trichoderma-treated growing media. The research was conducted in the greenhouse of the Agribusiness Department at the Sambas State Polytechnic. The study subjects were Liberica coffee seedlings; the rootstocks were 7-month-old seedlings, and the scions were obtained from Liberica coffee parent trees in Kartiasa Village. The experimental design used in this study was a two-factor completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. The results showed that growing media treated with Trichoderma yielded a 36% higher success rate for topgrafting. The oblique grafting method yielded a higher success rate of 39%, compared to the center grafting method, which had a success rate of 14%.
ANALYSIS OF CAPITAL MARKET REACTIONS TO THE ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE PPATK POLICY ON THE BLOCKING OF DORMANT ACCOUNTS IN 2025(A Case Study of LQ45 Banking Stocks Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange)
The reaction of the capital market to a particular event is an important aspect for investors to observe in making future investment decisions, as it may influence fluctuations in stock market prices. This study aims to examine the capital market reaction resulting from the 2025 announcement of the Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Center (PPATK) policy regarding the blocking of dormant accounts, which may affect investor confidence in banking companies and investment activities in Indonesia. This study constitutes a semi-strong form efficient market hypothesis test employing the event study method with an 11-day observation period on banking sector companies included in the LQ45 Index on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, selected using purposive sampling. The expected return in this study was calculated using the market-adjusted model. The hypothesis testing method applied was the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The results indicate that there were no significant differences in the average values of cumulative abnormal return and trading volume activity before and after the announcement of the PPATK policy on the blocking of dormant accounts in 2025. These findings suggest that the announcement of the PPATK policy is consistent with the semi-strong form of market efficiency theory, indicating that no investors were able to consistently obtain abnormal returns because the market adjusted rapidly to the announcement information. Furthermore, the capital market did not perceive the dormant account blocking policy as relevant information capable of altering investment decisions in banking stocks.
SHARIA MARKETING MANAGEMENT IN INCREASING FURNITURE SALES AT UD. RANDU MELATI MEUBEL PEJATEN BONDOWOSO
This study analyzes the implementation and contribution of sharia marketing management in increasing sales at UD. Randu Melati Meubel Pejaten Bondowoso. The inquiry is grounded in the premise that marketing in Islamic business is not merely an instrument for selling products, but a managerial process that creates value through honesty, responsibility, justice, transparent communication, and mutual consent. A qualitative field research design was employed. Data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation involving the business owner, production employees, marketing personnel, and consumers of UD. Randu Melati Meubel. The data were analyzed using an interactive qualitative model consisting of data condensation, data display, conclusion drawing, and verification. The findings show that sharia marketing management is implemented through five major principles: shiddiq, amanah, tabligh, al-adl, and an-taradhin. Shiddiq appears in truthful product information, accurate specification disclosure, and the avoidance of exaggerated claims. Amanah is reflected in responsible service, fulfillment of custom orders, and willingness to handle complaints. Tabligh is realized through clear promotion using WhatsApp, Facebook, direct product displays, and word-of-mouth communication. Al-adl is reflected in fair pricing based on material cost, labor, work complexity, and reasonable profit. An-taradhin is practiced through transactions based on full information and voluntary agreement. These practices strengthen consumer trust, satisfaction, repeat purchasing, word-of-mouth recommendation, and customer loyalty. The study concludes that sharia marketing management functions both as Islamic business ethics and as a practical strategy for improving the competitiveness and sustainability of a small furniture enterprise.
FINANCIAL PATHWAYS LINKING GREEN LENDING TO CORPORATE VALUATION
The expansion of sustainable finance has increased attention to green lending as a mechanism for promoting environmental objectives while strengthening corporate value. Despite its growing adoption, evidence regarding the value implications of green lending remains inconclusive, particularly within emerging banking markets. This study evaluates the contribution of green lending to corporate valuation and examines whether credit risk and profitability function as financial pathways through which such effects may occur. The analysis is based on panel data from four Indonesian KBMI 4 banks covering the period 2015–2024. Green lending is measured using the Green Lending Ratio, corporate valuation is proxied by Tobin’s Q, credit risk is represented by the Non-Performing Loan ratio, and profitability is measured by Return on Assets. A path analysis approach employing panel regression with bank-clustered robust standard errors is applied. The results reveal that green lending contributes positively to corporate valuation. Credit risk exhibits a negative association with valuation, whereas profitability demonstrates a positive relationship. However, neither credit risk nor profitability significantly transmits the effect of green lending on valuation. These findings suggest that capital markets reward sustainability-oriented lending initiatives, while corporate valuation continues to depend largely on financial performance and asset quality.
THE ROLE OF BRAND IMAGE IN MEDIATING THE EFFECT OF E-WOM ON REPURCHASE INTENTION AT THE FRONTIER HOUSE COFFEE SHOP
The growing number of coffee shops in Denpasar, Bali has created intense market competition, pushing businesses to find effective ways to sustain consumer repurchase intention. In the digital age, E-WOM has emerged as a key factor shaping how consumers perceive brands and make purchasing decisions. This study aims to analyze the influence of E-WOM on repurchase intention and explore the mediating role of brand image at The Frontier House Coffee Shop, Denpasar. A quantitative method was adopted, with data collected through online questionnaires distributed to 120 respondents using purposive sampling. Data were then processed through path analysis, Sobel test, and VAF. Results show that E-WOM has a positive and significant effect on both repurchase intention and brand image, while brand image similarly contributes positively to repurchase intention. Mediation analysis further confirms that brand image acts as a partial mediator between E-WOM and repurchase intention. These findings suggest that favorable online reviews and active digital engagement can reinforce brand perception and motivate customers to return. Accordingly, coffee shop operators are encouraged to actively manage their digital reputation and consistently strengthen brand image as a long-term strategy for building customer loyalty and sustaining repurchase behavior.
THE EFFECT OF QUALITY OF SERVICE, CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE, AND PROMOTION ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION (A Study at BSH Coffee in Denpasar City)
This study aims to examine the effects of quality of service, customer experience, and promotion on customer satisfaction using the Expectation Confirmation Theory as the theoretical foundation. The theory posits that customer satisfaction is formed through the alignment between customers’ initial expectations and the actual performance of the service received. A quantitative research approach was employed, with data collected through questionnaires distributed to active customers of BSH Coffee in Denpasar City. The findings indicate that quality of service has a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction, suggesting that higher service quality leads to greater customer satisfaction. Customer experience also demonstrates a significant positive influence, as favorable experiences enhance customers’ perceptions of the value provided by the service. Furthermore, promotion significantly affects customer satisfaction by shaping customers’ initial expectations before consuming the products or services offered. Simultaneously, the three independent variables were found to contribute significantly to customer satisfaction. These findings highlight the importance for businesses to continuously improve service quality, create memorable customer experiences, and develop effective promotional strategies to meet and exceed customer expectations in accordance with the principles of Expectation Confirmation Theory.
THE DYNAMICS OF MSME MARKETING NETWORK DEVELOPMENT IN ENCOURAGING THE WELFARE OF BUSINESS ACTORS
Marketing network development is a crucial issue for MSMEs because not all business owners are able to transform social relationships and digital access into sustainable economic strength. In Kendari City, limited networks, digital literacy, and reliance on informal relationships remain obstacles to improving business prosperity. This study aims to analyze the experiences of MSME owners in building marketing networks and understand their contribution to business prosperity. The method used is qualitative research with a phenomenological approach through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation of purposively selected informants. The results show that marketing networks are understood as relational capital that expands market access, strengthens trust, and maintains income stability. The use of digital media such as WhatsApp, Facebook, and Instagram also help expand promotional reach despite still facing limited technological literacy. These findings confirm that MSME prosperity is not solely determined by product quality. But also, by the quality of the socially and digitally built networks. Consequently, strengthening MSMEs needs to be directed at developing collaborative networks, digital literacy, and supporting an inclusive marketing ecosystem.
TRADERS’ STRATEGIES FOR MAINTAINING FAMILY FINANCIAL STABILITY IN THE DIGITAL AGE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF ISLAMIC BUSINESS ETHICS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY AT THE MAIN MARKET AND SENENAN TANGGUL MARKET IN JEMBER
This study aims to analyze traders’ strategies for maintaining family financial stability in the digital age from the perspective of Islamic business ethics through a comparative study at the Central Market and Senenan Tanggul Market in Jember. This study employs a qualitative approach using a descriptive-comparative method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, direct observation, and documentation of purposively selected active traders. Data analysis was conducted using an interactive model that includes data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results indicate that the financial stability of traders’ families is determined by three main factors: digital adaptability, effective financial management, and the application of Islamic business ethics. Traders at Pasar Induk demonstrate a higher level of digital adaptability through the use of social media and digital platforms, enabling them to expand their market reach and increase income by approximately 20–25%. In contrast, merchants at Senenan Tanggul Market are still dominated by conventional systems, which result in limited market access and stagnant income. Furthermore, the application of Islamic business ethics principles—such as honesty, fairness, and trustworthiness—has been shown to increase consumer trust and support business sustainability. This study concludes that the integration of digitalization and Islamic business ethics is an effective strategy for maintaining the financial stability of traders’ families. However, the digital literacy gap, limited capital, and access to technology remain major obstacles that require policy intervention through training and the empowerment of traditional traders.